RECENT sharp selloffs across global financial markets are probably the first of many, as investors adjust to a world of tighter monetary conditions and the threat of economic downturn, the Bank of International Settlements (BIS) said Sunday.

The year has been a tough one, with big drops in European and Asian stocks and even U.S. equities recently slipping into the red for 2018 after a decade-long bull run. The last quarter saw increasing fears for world and U.S. economic growth as trade war noise escalated and central banks tightened policy or prepared to withdraw extraordinary crisis-era stimulus.

The “market tensions we saw during this quarter were not an isolated event,” said Claudio Borio, head of BIS’ monetary and economic department.

Monetary “policy normalization was bound to be challenging especially in light of trade tensions and political uncertainty,” Borio added in the BIS’ quarterly review.

Among the challenges facing the global economy, Borio listed the possibility of rising inflation, the “dark cloud” of lower-rated U.S. corporate debt in an overstretched market and weakness in the European banking sector.

The BIS is an umbrella group for the world’s central banks and its reports are seen as an indicator of the thinking that goes on behind the closed doors of its quarterly meetings.

Recent weeks also saw short-dated U.S. government bond yields briefly rise over medium-term rates, a phenomenon known as a “yield curve inversion”. A fairly reliable precursor of recessions, the inversion further spooked investors.

The BIS said however that studying the state of the financial cycle does a better job of flagging recession risks than the yield curve.

Borio, Mathias Drehmann and Dora Xia said their study had found that since the early-980s, downturns typically followed financial booms rather than significant monetary tightening.

But they did not apply their findings to today’s conditions to gauge the risk of a recession hitting in the years ahead.

Steadily rising U.S. interest rates may also put a squeeze on the availability of dollars — the global funding currency of choice. But the BIS said the financial sector’s ability to raise dollar funding outside the United States could mitigate this risk.

Its study found non-U.S. banks were increasingly raising dollars in their home jurisdictions rather than in the United States — more than 50 percent of their dollar liabilities are now booked in their home countries, well above levels seen before the 2008-9 financial crisis. (SD-Agencies)