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在线翻译:
szdaily -> Speak Shenzhen -> 
The Apache Wars
    2019-12-09  08:53    Shenzhen Daily

James Baquet

The original 13 English colonies that ultimately became the United States clung to the east coast like a child to its mother. But it wasn’t long before settlers started moving west into lands occupied by still more native American tribes than the ones they had already displaced. In the 19th century, the doctrine of “Manifest Destiny” declared that it was foreordained that white people should occupy the lands historically belonging to the Indians.

Beginning with rumblings in 1849, the United States Army spent nearly four decades in armed conflict with the Apache nations, a group of tribes related in culture and living in what is now the American Southwest and northern Mexico.

The area ceded to the U.S. by Mexico after the Mexican-American War included much of this area. Thus, America adopted the “problem” of how to deal with the people who were rightfully there when the settlers arrived.

The U.S. Army approached the problem by building forts and attempting to confine the tribes to reservations, the subject of many a John Wayne movie.

In the earliest skirmishes, Apaches raided in small parties, as they traditionally had against other native groups and even against other Apache bands. They did not consider this to be “war,” but a common way to fill the needs of their people. The settlers saw things differently. The failure to note the distinction between raids and war caused the army to respond in heavy-handed ways that escalated the situation.

In 1861, the army accused an Apache leader named Cochise of kidnapping a little white boy. He had not done so (another Apache tribe had), and even offered to help find the boy. But the Americans did not believe him, and took Cochise and some of his party hostage. Cochise escaped, and with his men surrounded the army post, demanding the release of his people. In the process, Cochise captured a few Americans, whom he killed. The army in retaliation hanged Cochise’s men, though they released the women and children.

In 1886, 5,000 American troops set out to capture Geronimo, the last Apache leader. After his surrender, small engagements continued into the 20th century, but the main part of the Apache Wars was over.

Vocabulary:

Which word above means:

1. determined by fate

2. oppressive, harsh

3. places of confinement

4. killed using a rope around the neck

5. policy, teaching

6. hung onto

7. made larger

8. taking away a person by force

9. took on

10. giving up

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