James Baquet It seems everyone in the world knows of Saint Valentine’s Day, despite the fact that little is known of its origins. It’s not even sure who the “Valentine” referred to was! There were several saints in the calendar of the Roman Cathoic Church who were known as Valentine (or “Valentinus”), but no connection was made between them and romance until sometime well after their passing. In fact, it was not until the publication of Geoffrey Chaucer’s “Parliament of Birds” (not as well known as his “Canterbury Tales”) in 1382 that we read, “For this was on St. Valentine’s Day, when every bride cometh there to choose his mate.” (“His” and “her” were interchangeable back then.) Still, it took a while for the traditions we know today to get off the ground. It wasn’t until the 18th century, in England, that lovers began giving each other flowers, candy, and hand-written cards. Sometime in the 19th century, stationers caught on and began mass-producing cards like the ones we give today. All of this may have been quite a surprise to the various saints named Valentine, most of whom suffered death as martyrs. Saint Valentine of Rome, for example, is said (according to a late legend) to have performed weddings for soldiers, who in fact were forbidden to marry. For this he was arrested and executed. An even dozen saints named Valentine are, or have been, commemorated Feb.14, with at least seven more celebrated on other days in the year. Yet nothing is really known of any of them. In the first list of martyrs (published in 354 C.E.), no “Valentine” appears at all, even though the patron who published the calendar was named Valentinus. A later work does list a Feb. 14 date for a saint named Valentine, but the Pope who established this feast in 496 said his “acts are known only to God” — in other words, nothing is known of him amongst humans! By the way, for those without a sweetheart, some have proposed an alternate celebration, “Singles Awareness Day.” That this may have been done tongue-in-cheek is suggested by the ersatz holiday’s initials: “S.A.D.” Vocabulary: Which word above means: 1. people who sell, and sometimes print, paper goods 2. people who have died for their beliefs 3. person who supports cultural projects 4. substitute, probably fake 5. twelve 6. creating in large numbers 7. able to be used in place of each other 8. not allowed 9. jokingly 10. people who have been recognized as holy | 