SANTOSH GURAV gained a bachelor’s degree in technology from a mid-tier college in western India last year, specializing in electrical engineering and hoping to land a job in industrial automation.

Six months on, the 27-year-old repairs mixer-grinders, table fans and other household appliances at a cramped shop in the western city of Pune. On better days, he picks up broken LED lights from scrap dealers, fixes them, then sells them. He earns about US$50 a month, just enough to cover the rent for the room he shares with two others as his home.

“I haven’t even started repaying my education loan,” said Gurav, referring to the nearly US$4,000 he’d borrowed for his undergraduate study.

He is one of hundreds of thousands of engineers — studying everything from computer code to civil engineering — that India’s education system churns out each year, many with large loans and little prospect of finding a job in their field.

They highlight Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s difficulty in fulfilling a promise he made weeks after coming to power in 2014: creating millions of jobs by boosting manufacturing under a flagship “Make in India” project launched with much fanfare.

Four years on, the program’s impact on job creation is unclear and growth in the manufacturing sector has been sluggish.

India’s unemployment rate rose to 7.2 percent last month, up from 5.9 percent in February 2018, according to data compiled by the Center for Monitoring Indian Economy (CMIE) think tank. The figures are more recent than government data and many economists regard them as more credible.

The data, which is an estimate based on household surveys, shows 31.2 million people were actively looking for jobs in February this year, said Mahesh Vyas, the CMIE managing director. It did not have a breakup for engineering or technology graduates.

The increasing use of automation in industry, the massive number of young Indians coming onto the job market, and the regulatory hurdles that companies still face if they want to set up shop in India, are all big issues for those without work.

Employers often complain about the lack of skilled engineering and technology graduates, said Varun Aggarwal, an electrical engineer and co-founder of the skills assessment firm Aspiring Minds. Its surveys show over 80 percent of the engineers India produces are not employable. The employability has not improved in seven years, Aggarwal said.

“The numbers have just not budged,” he said. “Many can’t even write basic code.”

“We need to start there, at the beginning of the education system,” said Aggarwal.

The IT industry had long been seen as a gateway to the middle class in India, but a move to robotics and artificial intelligence has replaced some positions. The business process outsourcing industry — seen as a stable provider of “offshore” jobs — added the least number of employees in seven years in 2017-18, according to the trade body Nasscom.(SD-Agencies)