Now it is official. Men really are more narcissistic than women, according to a massive American study that analyzed three decades of data from more than 475,000 people.

Researchers concluded that men had a greater sense of entitlement, making them more likely to exploit others.

The findings were consistent across multiple age groups and generations, said the study’s authors at the University at Buffalo School of Management.

However, men can take comfort in one conclusion from the study — narcissism may also have some positive effects.

“Narcissism is associated with various interpersonal dysfunctions, including an inability to maintain healthy long-term relationships, unethical behavior and aggression,” said Emily Grijalva, assistant professor of organization and human resources, and the paper’s lead author.

“At the same time, narcissism is shown to boost self-esteem, emotional stability and the tendency to emerge as a leader.”

They sifted through more than 355 journal articles, dissertations, manuscripts and technical manuals, and studied gender differences in what they described as the three aspects of narcissism: leadership/authority, grandiosity/exhibitionism and entitlement.

It meant examining reactions to statements such as, “If I ruled the world, it would be a much better place,” and “I know that I am good because everyone keeps telling me so.”

They found the widest gap in entitlement, suggesting that men were more likely than women to exploit others and feel entitled to certain privileges.

The difference narrowed when it came to vanity, which may explain why some women feel the need to clog Twitter and Facebook with countless pouting selfies.

The results will be published in the forthcoming Psychological Bulletin journal.

男性比女性更自恋，这一说法得到了证实。美国一项研究通过分析三十年来超过47.5万人的数据得出此结论。

研究人员得出的结论是，男性强烈的特权意识使他们趋向利用他人，为己谋利。

来自布法罗大学管理学院的研究人员表示，该项研究在各年龄群以及不同年代人群中的结果都是一致的。

然而，该项研究中的一个结论可让男性有所释然 — 自恋可能也会产生积极的影响。

该项研究论文的主要作者、组织与人力资源副教授艾米丽•格里哈尔瓦表示：“自恋会导致各种人际关系失调，包括无法维持健康的长期恋情，行为不检点和强势好斗。”

“但同时，自恋促进自尊自信，情绪稳定和领袖潜能。”

研究员对超过355份期刊文章、专题论文、文章手稿和技术手册进行筛选整理，并从领导力/权威性、好大喜功/爱出风头，以及自我权益意识等表现自恋的三个方面着手研究性别差异。

这项研究测试人们听到以下言论时的反

应，如“世界若由我统治，将会更加美好。”和“我知道我很优秀，因为每个人都这么对我说。”

研究任员发现男女在优越感方面差距最大，这表明男性比女性更有可能利用他人，而且觉得自己理应享受某些特权。

在虚荣这方面性别差异缩小。这就不难理解有些女性喜欢在Facebook和Twitter上频繁发布噘嘴卖萌的自拍照。

研究成果将在下一期《心理学公报》杂志上发表。

    Words to Learn 相关词汇

【权利】quánlì entitlement the right to have something

【利用】lìyòng exploit make use of selfishly or unethically