James Baquet

    As a young country, America did not produce much in the way of scientists. But in the Industrial Revolution, a fair number of inventors rose up, and one of the best known was Eli Whitney (1765-1825), inventor of the cotton gin.

    When I was a boy, this device was praised for its role in the production of cotton. When picked, cotton is full of seeds, and must be cleaned before it can be used. This process took a lot of time, and made the growing of cotton less profitable.

    Whitney’s simple device changed all that. It was, essentially, a series of small hooks that would pull the cotton fibers through a screen small enough that the seeds couldn’t pass through.

    The cotton gin (the word is short for “engine”) helped cotton growers turn a larger profit, and contributed to the economy of the Southern states.

    There was a negative side to this benefit, though. It also contributed to the revitalization of slavery in the South, a practice that was losing some of its strength before the gin was introduced in the late 18th century. Some six or seven decades later, war would break out over this horrible institution.

    Whitney also inadvertently contributed to the North’s success in that war. As a manufacturer (especially of weapons) he promoted the use of interchangeable parts. Before the Industrial Revolution, a complicated item like a gun was made by hand, with uniquely fitted parts. If the item needed repair, it would be taken to a shop where a workman would fix what was broken, perhaps making a replacement part by hand.

    Whitney championed the idea of the manufacturing of identical parts, so when something broke the manufacturer could supply a replacement part. This naturally brought costs down, and helped the economy of the more industrial Northern states.

    Whitney himself benefited little from the cotton gin. It was simple to make, and patent law was in its infancy. Other manufacturers copied his design, and what little money he made was spent on lawsuits trying to protect his idea.

    He died of cancer at age 59.

    Vocabulary

    Which word above means:

    1. able to be replaced by each other

    2. early days

    3. fought for, supported

    4. able to make money

    5. person who comes up with a new idea

    6. exactly the same

    7. legal protection of an invention

    8. accidentally, without planning

    9. actions in a court, to get money when one has been cheated

    10. bringing something back to life